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# Image classification in Galaxy with fruit 360 dataset
Authors:
Kaivan Kamali
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Updated: Dec 1, 2021
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??? Presenter notes contain extra information which might be useful if you intend to use these slides for teaching. Press `P` again to switch presenter notes off Press `C` to create a new window where the same presentation will be displayed. This window is linked to the main window. Changing slides on one will cause the slide to change on the other. Useful when presenting. --- ## Requirements Before diving into this slide deck, we recommend you to have a look at: - [Introduction to Galaxy Analyses](/training-material/topics/introduction) - [Statistics and machine learning](/training-material/topics/statistics) - Deep Learning (Part 3) - Convolutional neural networks (CNN): [
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slides](/training-material/topics/statistics/tutorials/CNN/slides.html) - [
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hands-on](/training-material/topics/statistics/tutorials/CNN/tutorial.html) --- ### <i class="far fa-question-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="visually-hidden">question</span> Questions - How to solve an image classification problem using convolutional neural network (CNN)? --- ### <i class="fas fa-bullseye" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="visually-hidden">objectives</span> Objectives - Learn how to create a CNN using Galaxy's deep learning tools - Solve an image classification problem on fruit 360 dataset using CNN in Galaxy --- # What is a convolutional neural network (CNN)? ??? What is a convolutional neural network (CNN)? --- # Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) - Increasing popularity of social media in past decade - Image and video processing tasks have become very important - FNN could not scale up to image and video processing tasks - CNN specifically tailored for image and video processing tasks --- # Inspiration for CNN - In 1959 Hubel & Wiesel did an experiment to understand how visual cortex of brain processes visual info - Recorded activity of neurons in visual cortex of a cat - While moving a bright line in front of the cat - Some cells fired when bright line is shown at a particular angle/location - Called these *simple* cells - Other cells fired when bright line was shown regardless of angle/location - Seemed to detect movement - Called these *complex* cells - Seemed complex cells receive inputs from multiple simple cells - Have an hierarchical structure - Hubel and Wiesel won Noble prize in 1981 --- # Inspiration for CNN - Inspired by complex/simple cells, Fukushima proposed *Neocognitron* (1980) - Hierarchical neural network used for handwritten Japanese character recognition - First CNN, had its own training algorithm - In 1989, LeCun proposed CNN that was trained by backpropagation - CNN got popular when outperformed other models at ImageNet Challenge - Competition in object classification/detection - On hundreds of object categories and millions of images - Run annually from 2010 to present - Notable CNN architectures that won ImageNet challenge - AlexNet (2012), ZFNet (2013), GoogLeNet & VGG (2014), ResNet (2015) --- # Architecture of CNN - A typical CNN has 4 layers - Input layer - Convolution layer - Pooling layer - Fully connected layer - We will explain a 2D CNN here - Same concepts apply to a 1 (or 3) dimensional CNN --- # Input layer - Example input a 28 pixel by 28 pixel grayscale image - Unlike FNN, we do not “flatten” the input to a 1D vector - input is presented to network in 2D as 28 x 28 matrix - This makes capturing spatial relationships easier --- # Convolution layer - Composed of multiple filters (kernels) - Filters for 2D image are also 2D - Suppose we have a 3 by 3 filter (9 values in total) - Values are randomly set to 0 or 1 - Convolution: placing 3 by 3 filter on the top left corner of image - Multiply filter values by pixel values, add the results - Move filter to right one pixel at a time, and repeat this process - When at top right corner, move filter down one pixel and repeat process - Process ends when we get to bottom right corner of image --- # 3 by 3 Filter ![A 3 by 3 filter applied to a 4 by 4 image, resulting in a 2 by 2 image](/training-material/topics/statistics/images/Conv_no_padding_no_strides.gif) <!-- https://pixy.org/3013900/ CC0 license--> --- # Convolution operator parameters - Filter size - Padding - Stride - Dilation - Activation function --- # Filter size - Filter size can be 5 by 5, 3 by 3, and so on - Larger filter sizes should be avoided - As learning algorithm needs to learn filter values (weights) - Odd sized filters are preferred to even sized filters - Nice geometric property of all input pixels being around output pixel --- # Padding - After applying 3 by 3 filter to 4 by 4 image, we get a 2 by 2 image – Size of the image has gone down - If we want to keep image size the same, we can use padding - We pad input in every direction with 0’s before applying filter - If padding is 1 by 1, then we add 1 zero in every direction - If padding is 2 by 2, then we add 2 zeros in every direction, and so on --- # 3 by 3 filter with padding of 1 ![A 3 by 3 filter applied to a 5 by 5 image, with padding of 1, resulting in a 5 by 5 image](/training-material/topics/statistics/images/Conv_same_padding_no_strides.gif) <!-- https://pixy.org/3013900/ CC0 license--> --- # Stride - How many pixels we move filter to the right/down is stride - Stride 1: move filter one pixel to the right/down - Stride 2: move filter two pixels to the right/down --- # 3 by 3 filter with stride of 2 ![A 3 by 3 filter applied to a 5 by 5 image, with stride of 2, resulting in a 2 by 2 image](/training-material/topics/statistics/images/Conv_no_padding_strides.gif) <!-- https://pixy.org/3013900/ CC0 license--> --- # Dilation - When we apply 3 by 3 filter, output affected by pixels in 3 by 3 subset of image - Dilation: To have a larger receptive field (portion of image affecting filter’s output) - If dilation set to 2, instead of contiguous 3 by 3 subset of image, every other pixel of a 5 by 5 subset of image affects output --- # 3 by 3 filter with dilation of 2 ![A 3 by 3 filter applied to a 7 by 7 image, with dilation of 2, resulting in a 3 by 3 image](/training-material/topics/statistics/images/Conv_dilation.gif) <!-- https://pixy.org/3013900/ CC0 license--> --- # Activation function - After filter applied to whole image, apply activation function to output to introduce non-linearity - Preferred activation function in CNN is ReLU - ReLU leaves outputs with positive values as is, replaces negative values with 0 --- # Relu activation function ![Two matrices representing filter output before and after ReLU activation function is applied](/training-material/topics/statistics/images/Conv_ReLU.png) <!-- https://pixy.org/3013900/ CC0 license--> --- # Single channel 2D convolution ![One matrix representing an input vector and another matrix representing a filter, along with calculation for single input channel two dimensional convolution operation](/training-material/topics/statistics/images/Conv_single_input_channel.png) <!-- https://pixy.org/3013900/ CC0 license--> --- # Triple channel 2D convolution ![Three matrices representing an input vector and another three matrices representing a filter, along with calculation for multiple input channel two dimensional convolution operation](/training-material/topics/statistics/images/Conv_multiple_input_channel.png) <!-- https://pixy.org/3013900/ CC0 license--> --- # Triple channel 2D convolution in 3D ![Multiple cubes representing input vector, filter, and output in a 3 channel 2 dimensional convolution operation](/training-material/topics/statistics/images/Conv_multiple_channel_3d.gif) <!-- https://pixy.org/3013900/ CC0 license--> --- # Change channel size - Output of a multi-channel 2D filter is a single channel 2D image - Applying *multiple* filters results in a multi-channel 2D image - E.g., if input image is 28 x 28 x 3 (rows x columns x channels) - We apply a 3 x 3 filter with 1 x 1 padding, we get a 28 x 28 x 1 image - If we apply 15 such filters, we get a 28 x 28 x 15 - Number of filters allows us to increase or decrease channel size --- # Pooling layer - Pooling layer performs down sampling to reduce spatial dimensionality of input - This decreases number of parameters - Reduces learning time/computation - Reduces likelihood of overfitting - Most popular type is *max* pooling - Usually a 2 x 2 filter with a stride of 2 - Returns maximum value as it slides over input data --- # Fully connected layer - Last layer in a CNN - Connect all nodes from previous layer to this fully connected layer - Which is responsible for classification of the image --- # An example CNN ![A convolutional neural network with 3 convolution layers followed by 3 pooling layers](/training-material/topics/statistics/images/Conv_CNN.png) <!-- https://pixy.org/3013900/ CC0 license--> --- # An example CNN - A typical CNN has several convolution plus pooling layers - Each responsible for feature extraction at different levels of abstraction - E.g., filters in first layer detect horizental, vertical, and diagonal edges - Filters in the next layer detect shapes - Filters in the last layer detect collection of shapes - Filter values randomly initialized, learned by learning algorithm - CNN not only do classification, but can also automatically do feature extraction - Distinguishes CNN from other classification techniques (like Support Vector Machines) --- # Fruit 360 dataset - A dataset with 90,380 images of 131 fruits and vegetables - Images are 100 by 100 pixel and are color (RGB) images (3 values per pixel) - 67,692 images in training dataset and 22,688 images in test dataset - https://www.kaggle.com/moltean/fruits - This tutorial's dataset is a subset of fruit 360 dataset - Containing only 10 fruits/vegetables - Selected a subset of images, so dataset size is smaller and CNN trains faster - 5,015 images in training dataset, and 1,679 images in test dataset --- # Utilities for creating a subset of fruit 360 dataset - The utilities and instructions at https://github.com/kxk302/fruit_dataset_utilities - First, creat feature vectors for each image - Images are 100 by 100 pixel color (RGB) images - Each image represented by 30,000 values (100 X 100 X 3) - Second, we selected a subset of 10 fruit/vegetable images - Training and test dataset sizes went from 7 GB and 2.5 GB to 500 MB and 177 MB - Third, we created separate files for feature vectors and labels - Finally, mapped labels for 10 selected fruits/vegetables to a 0 to 9 range - Full dataset labels are in the 0 to 130 range --- # Classification of fruit/vegetable images with CNN - We define a CNN and train it using fruit 360 dataset training data - Goal is to learn a model such that given image of a fruit/vegetable we predict its label (0 to 9) - We then evaluate the trained CNN on test dataset and plot the confusion matrix --- # For references, please see tutorial's References section --- - Galaxy Training Materials ([training.galaxyproject.org](https://training.galaxyproject.org)) ![Screenshot of the gtn stats page with 21 topics, 170 tutorials, 159 contributors, 16 scientific topics, and a growing community](/training-material/topics/introduction/images/gtn_stats.png) ??? - If you would like to learn more about Galaxy, there are a large number of tutorials available. - These tutorials cover a wide range of scientific domains. --- # Getting Help - **Help Forum** ([help.galaxyproject.org](https://help.galaxyproject.org)) ![Galaxy Help](/training-material/topics/introduction/images/galaxy_help.png) - **Gitter Chat** - [Main Chat](https://gitter.im/galaxyproject/Lobby) - [Galaxy Training Chat](https://gitter.im/Galaxy-Training-Network/Lobby) - Many more channels (scientific domains, developers, admins) ??? - If you get stuck, there are ways to get help. - You can ask your questions on the help forum. - Or you can chat with the community on Gitter. --- # Join an event - Many Galaxy events across the globe - Event Horizon: [galaxyproject.org/events](https://galaxyproject.org/events) ![Event schedule](/training-material/topics/introduction/images/event_horizon.png) ??? - There are frequent Galaxy events all around the world. - You can find upcoming events on the Galaxy Event Horizon. --- ## Thank You! This material is the result of a collaborative work. Thanks to the [Galaxy Training Network](https://training.galaxyproject.org) and all the contributors!
Authors:
Kaivan Kamali
This material is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
.