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# Prerequisites for building software/conda packages
Authors:
Anthony Bretaudeau
Cyril Monjeaud
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Updated: May 27, 2021
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Useful when presenting. --- ### <i class="far fa-question-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="visually-hidden">question</span> Questions - What does 'installing a software' means on a Linux architecture? - Why my compilations always fail? - How to solve common compiling and installation issues? --- ### <i class="fas fa-bullseye" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="visually-hidden">objectives</span> Objectives - Learn how to compile and install tools using standard procedures. - Learn needed tricks to write conda build.sh files. --- class: left, enlarge120 ### Environment variables ```sh $ MY_NAME="Bobby" $ echo $MY_NAME Bobby ``` ```sh $ MY_DATE=$(date) $ echo $MY_DATE Wed Feb 14 12:12:21 CET 2018 ``` Use export to make sure the variable is accessible to any script/program you run from the current shell. ```sh $ export MY_DATE=$(date) $ echo $MY_DATE Wed Feb 14 12:12:21 CET 2018 $ bash some_script.sh # some_script.sh will have access to $MY_DATE ``` Many environment variables predefined in a shell: PATH, HOSTNAME, HOME, LANG, USER, ... --- class: left, enlarge120 ### Show me the PATH ```sh $ the_binary --help ``` How does the system knows where to find the binary? PATH is an environment variable defining possible locations of binaries. ```sh $ echo $PATH /usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/sbin:/sbin ``` Paths separated by `:`, ordered list (highest priority first). As all environment variable, you can redefine it: ```sh $ export PATH="/opt/xxx/bin/:$PATH" $ echo $PATH /opt/xxx/bin/:/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/sbin:/sbin ``` --- class: left, enlarge120 ### Show me the PATH The command `which` lets you know which binary will be used by your shell. ```sh $ which the_binary /opt/xxx/bin/the_binary ``` It throws an error if the binary is not "in the PATH". ```sh $ export PATH="/usr/bin/" $ echo $PATH /usr/bin ``` ```sh $ which the_binary /usr/bin/which: no the_binary in (/usr/bin) ``` --- class: left, enlarge120 ### Thinking outside the PATH What if you want to run a binary only located in the current working directory? ```sh $ ls my_binary $ my_binary --help bash: my_binary: command not found... ``` You need to add `./` to explicitly tell the shell to run the file from working directory: ```sh $ ./my_binary --help It works! ``` `./` is just the relative path to `my_binary`, it could be a more complicated one, or an absolute path: ```sh $ ../somewhere/my_binary --help It works! $ /home/someone/womewhere/my_binary --help It works! ``` --- class: left, enlarge120 ### Installing a single binary Just a single executable file (binary, script). You only need to copy it to a `bin` directory and make sure permissions are set: ```sh $ cp the_binary /usr/local/bin $ chmod a+x /usr/local/bin/the_binary ``` Other possible `bin` directories: ```sh /bin = reserved for system /usr/bin = installed by package manager (apt, yum, ...) /usr/local/bin = manually installed binaries /opt/xxx/bin = manually installed binaries (xxx=path) /yyy/bin = a bin directory wherever you like (yyy=path) ``` .center[.footnote[If you install a precompiled binary, make sure that it was compiled for the same architecture as your system (e.g. x86_64)]] --- class: left, enlarge120 ### Compiling a single binary In the following slides we consider a program written in `C`. Usually, compilation is done with `make`. ```sh $ ls Makefile my_program.c ``` ```sh $ make ``` ```sh $ ls Makefile my_program.c my_binary ``` `make` will read the instructions defined in the file `Makefile` and run the compiler automatically to produce the binary. You can then copy the binary to a bin dir. Some exotic tools come with other scripts or methods for compiling, read the README or INSTALL files. --- class: left, enlarge120 ### Compiling a library Libraries are reusable chunks of code. They are not executable as is. They are compiled similarly as binaries. ```sh $ ls Makefile my_lib.c my_lib.h ``` ```sh $ make ``` ```sh $ ls Makefile my_lib.c my_lib.h libmy.so.1.2.8 ``` `.h` files are code files defining which functions are provided by the library. `.so` are compiled binary code. Their file name structure is important: `libXXXX.so.version`. --- class: left, enlarge120 ### Installing a library ```sh $ cp libmy.so.1.2.8 /usr/local/lib/ ``` Some symbolic links need to be created: ```sh $ ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmy.so.1.2.8 /usr/local/lib/libmy.so $ ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmy.so.1.2.8 /usr/local/lib/libmy.so.1 ``` You also need to install `headers` in a `include` dir: ```sh $ cp my_lib.h /usr/local/include/ ``` Other possible `lib` (or `lib64`) directories (same principle for `include`): ```sh /lib(64) = reserved for system /usr/lib(64) = installed by package manager (apt, yum, ...) /usr/local/lib(64) = manually installed /opt/xxx/lib(64) = manually installed (xxx=path) /yyy/lib(64) = a lib directory wherever you like (yyy=path) ``` --- class: left, enlarge120 ### make install Copying/symlinking manually each file is painful. Running `make install` usually install everything automatically for you. ```sh $ make $ make install ``` By default, installs to `/usr/local`. We will see how to change this later. --- class: left, enlarge120 ### Compiling a binary that uses an external library For example, if your program relies on `zlib` to read or create gzipped files. `make` needs to know where are the `.h` and `.so` files to compile your program properly. Usually, a script named 'configure' is distributed with the program sources. ```sh $ ls configure Makefile my_program.c ``` This script explores the filesystem to find the needed `.h` and `.so` files. You can then run `make` and `make install` as usual. ```sh $ ./configure $ make $ make install ``` Sometimes, `configure` is replaced by another software like cmake. --- class: left, enlarge120 ### Playing with ./configure You can pass many options to the `configure` script. A very common one is `--prefix` which allows to change the installation directory. ```sh $ ./configure --prefix=/home/somewhere $ make $ make install ``` The binary will be installed in `/home/somewhere/bin/` If you are compiling a library, files will be installed in `/home/somewhere/include/` and `/home/somewhere/lib(64)/` --- class: left, enlarge120 ### Playing with ./configure You can pass many options to the `configure` script. You can often disable or enable some software features this way. ```sh $ ./configure --disable-gpu --enable-greedy-algorithm $ make $ make install ``` --- class: left, enlarge120 ### Playing with ./configure By default, `configure` only searches for `.h` and `.so` files in standard directories (`/usr/`, `/usr/local`). If your program depends on a library installed in an exotic location, you need to specify it. There might be a specific `configure` option. ```sh $ ./configure --zlib-dir=/home/somewhere/zlib/ ``` Or, you can define some standard environment variables: ```sh $ export CFLAGS="-I/home/somewhere/zlib/include $CFLAGS" $ export LDFLAGS="-L/home/somewhere/zlib/lib $LDFLAGS" ``` In some cases, you might need to define additional variables: ```sh $ export CPATH="/home/somewhere/zlib/include:$CPATH" $ export LIBRARY_PATH="/home/somewhere/zlib/lib:$LIBRARY_PATH" ``` --- class: left, enlarge120 ### Playing with ./configure The `CFLAGS` environment variable can also be used for other purposes like enabling some compiler optimisation, predefining some C macro or compiling with debugging symbols. ```sh $ export CFLAGS="-I/home/somewhere/zlib/include -O2 -DDEBUG -g" ``` When you are compiling C++ code, you need to use `CXXFLAGS` instead of `CFLAGS`. --- class: left, enlarge120 ### Shebang The first line of script is called the [shebang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_%28Unix%29). ```sh #!/bin/bash ``` It determines how your script will be run when called in a shell. ```sh $ my_script.sh $ # is interpreted as $ /bin/bash /usr/bin/my_script.sh ``` --- class: left, enlarge120 ### Shebang You need to write an absolute path in the shebang. But never do this: ```sh #!/usr/bin/python ``` Because you are not sure /usr/bin/python will always be at this location. Preferred solution: ```sh #!/usr/bin/env python ``` This will ensure to use the `python` found using the PATH environment variable. `/bin/bash` or `/usr/bin/env` are considered to always be present. --- class: left, enlarge120 ### Python/Perl/R packages Installing Python modules consists in placing the source files in the correct path inside the Python installation. For example BioPython code will be installed in `/usr/lib/python3.6/site-packages/Bio/` Some Python modules consists both of Python code and C code that need to be compiled. Python modules are usually installed with specific setup mechanisms that take care of it all for you. ```sh $ pip install my_module ``` ```sh $ cd my_module_src/ $ python setup.py install ``` Perl or R modules are installed in similar ways. --- class: left, enlarge120 ### Common error: Undefined symbol Symptom: you get an `Undefined symbol` while running an installed program. Cause: the program uses a library which is not available in the expected location. To list all the libraries needed by the program and identify the one causing the problem: ```sh $ ldd `which nano` linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffdfb48c000) libmagic.so.1 => not found libncursesw.so.6 => /lib64/libncursesw.so.6 (0x00007f16cbb54000) ``` Make sure the library is correctly installed. If it is installed in an exotic location, use the `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` environment. ```sh $ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH="/home/somewhere/magic/:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH" $ ldd `which nano` linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffdfb48c000) libmagic.so.1 => /home/somewhere/magic/lib/libmagic.so.1 libncursesw.so.6 => /lib64/libncursesw.so.6 (0x00007f16cbb54000) ``` --- ### <i class="fas fa-key" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="visually-hidden">keypoints</span> Key points - There is a common procedure to compile and install many tools: `./configure && make && make install` - Some exotic tools require adjustements to compile or install properly - Pay attention to INSTALL and README files, and to documentation --- ## Thank You! This material is the result of a collaborative work. Thanks to the [Galaxy Training Network](https://training.galaxyproject.org) and all the contributors!
Authors:
Anthony Bretaudeau
Cyril Monjeaud
This material is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
.